OpenContext material type extension draft

vocabulary of materials typical of archeological samples

Published

August 15, 2024

Vocabularies and extensions:

Concept Hierarchy:

1 anthropogenic metal

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/anthropogenicmetal
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: brass, bronze, copper, gold, iron, lead, pewter

Definition: Specimen is dominantly composed of metal that has been produced or used by humans; subclass of anthropogenic material. Samples of naturally occuring metallic material (e.g. native copper, gold nuggets) should be considered mineral material. Metallic material is material that when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires). The boundaries between metals, nonmetals, and metalloids fluctuate slightly due to a lack of universally accepted definitions of the categories involved. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal). c.f. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01001069

1.1 brass

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/brass
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->brass

Definition: alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)

1.2 bronze

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/bronze
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->bronze

Definition: alloy consisting primarily of copper with subordinate tin; often includes other metals

1.3 copper

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/copper
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->copper

Definition: copper metal, includes copper-rich alloys not identifiable as brass or bronze.

1.4 gold

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/gold
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->gold

Definition: a chemical element with atomic number 79; a dense, soft metal that is easily malleable and ductile. It has a melting point of 1064 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 2,807 degrees Celsius. (ChatGPT)

1.5 iron

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/iron
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->iron

Definition: Iron or iron-rich alloy
missing

1.6 lead

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/lead
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->lead

Definition: lead or lead-rich alloy

1.7 pewter

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/pewter
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: anthropogenic metal->pewter

Definition: alloy consisting of mostly tin, with antimony, minor copper or bismuth, and sometimes silver.

2 biogenic non-organic material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/biogenicnonorganicmaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: amber, bone, charcoal, coal, shell

Definition: Material produced by an organism but not composed of ‘very large molecules of biological origin.’ E.g. bone, tooth, shell, coral skeleton,

2.1 amber

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/amber
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: biogenic non-organic material->amber

Definition: missing

2.2 bone

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/bone
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: biogenic non-organic material->bone

Definition: missing

2.3 charcoal

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/charcoal
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: biogenic non-organic material->charcoal

Definition: missing

2.4 coal

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/coal
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->biogenic non-organic material->coal

Definition: missing

2.5 shell

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/shell
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: biogenic non-organic material->shell

Definition: Hard outer covering of invertebrate creatures, composed of calcareous or chitinous material (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011829)

3 mineral

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/mineral
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: hematite, kaolin, mica, quartz

Definition: Material consists of a single mineral or mineraloid phase. . ‘A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.’ (Nickel, Ernest H. (1995), The definition of a mineral, The Canadian Mineralogist. 33 (3): 689–90). Include mineraloids. … A material primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000256). Comment: the identity of a mineral species is defined by a crystal structure and a chemical composition that might include various specific elemental substitutions in that structure. Mineraloid: A naturally occurring mineral-like substance that does not demonstrate crystallinity. Mineraloids possess chemical compositions that vary beyond the generally accepted ranges for specific minerals. Examples: obsidian, Opal. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid)

3.1 hematite

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/hematite
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: mineral->hematite

Definition: missing

3.2 kaolin

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/kaolin
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: mineral->kaolin

Definition: missing

3.3 mica

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/mica
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: mineral->mica

Definition: missing

3.4 quartz

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/quartz
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: mineral->quartz

Definition: missing

4 organic material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/organicmaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: organic animal material, organic plant material

Definition: Environmental material derived from living organisms and composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin. Examples: body (animal or plant), body part, fecal matter, seeds, wood, tissue, biological fluids, biological waste, algal material, biofilm, necromass, plankton. source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000155

4.1 organic animal material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/organicanimalmaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: organic material->organic animal material

Immediately narrower concepts: hair, leather

Definition: Material that is (or was) a constituent of an animal organisms, composed primarily of one or more very large molecules of biological origin.

4.1.1 hair

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/hair
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: organic material->organic animal material->hair

Definition: Material comprising the cylindrical filaments that grow from follicles embedded in the skin of mammals. Hair is a column of overlapping, fused cells that are composed of the protein keratin; hair is composed of three parts: the innermost column is the medula, the surrounding live cells (the cortex) contain pigment, and the outermost dead transparent cells are the cuticular scales. The portion of the hair outside of the skin is called the shaft. Fine, closely spaced hair that covers most of an animal’s body is called fur. Dense, soft, curled hair is called wool. Coarse, stiff hairs are called bristles, spines, or quills. Horsehair and cattle hair have been used for brushes, plaster binders, haircloth, and upholstery stuffing. Rabbit hair, often called rabbit fur, has been used to make felt hats. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011814)

4.1.2 leather

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/leather
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: organic material->organic animal material->leather

Definition: The skin or hide of an animal that has been tanned to render it resistant to putrefication and relatively soft and flexible when dry. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011845)

4.2 organic plant material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/organicplantmaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: organic material->organic plant material

Immediately narrower concepts: plant fiber, wood

Definition: missing

4.2.1 plant fiber

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/plantfiber
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: organic material->organic plant material->plant fiber

Definition: missing

Example: cotton, linen, yucca fiber

4.2.2 wood

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/wood
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: organic material->organic plant material->wood

Definition: missing

5 other anthropogenic material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/otheranthropogenicmaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: anthropogenic organic material, ceramic clay, fiber material, glass, paper, plaster or mortar, rubber

Definition: Non-metallic material produced by human activity. Organic products of agricultural activity are both anthropogenic and organic. Include lab preparations like XRF pellet and rock powders. Examples: ceramics, concrete, slag, (anthropogenic) glass, mine tailing, plaster, waste.

5.1 anthropogenic organic material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/anthropogenicorganicmaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->anthropogenic organic material

Immediately narrower concepts: plastic (material)

Definition: Organic material manufactured by humans

5.1.1 plastic (material)

[]{#plastic-(material)}

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/plastic
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->anthropogenic organic material->plastic (material)

Definition: Synthetic or semi-synthetic material that uses organic polymers as a main ingredient.

5.2 ceramic clay

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/ceramicclay
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay

Immediately narrower concepts: brick clay, bucchero, faience, porcelain, terracotta, terra sigilata

Definition: Any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic)

5.2.1 brick clay

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/brickclay
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay->brick clay

Definition: dried or low-fired clay-rich material used to make blocks for construction

5.2.2 bucchero

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/bucchero
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay->bucchero

Definition: ceramic with black fabric and glossy, black surface achieved through reduction firing

5.2.3 faience

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/faience
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay->faience

Definition: fine white-glazed ceramic (tin oxide based glaze)

5.2.4 porcelain

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/porcelain
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay->porcelain

Definition: Kaolin rich high-fired ceramic; In China, it includes any such ware that is highly fired enough to produce a ringing sound when struck. In Europe, it is limited to hard-fired ceramic that is translucent. (https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/scopeNote/45436)

5.2.5 terracotta

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/terracotta
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay->terracotta

Definition: clay-based unglazed or glazed, porous ceramic

5.2.6 terra sigilata

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/terrasigilata
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->ceramic clay->terra sigilata

Definition: Fine red Ancient Roman pottery with glossy surface slips

5.3 fiber material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/fibermaterial
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->fiber material

Definition: material composed of fibers twisted or woved togther. Fibers might be plant material or Anthropogenic Organic material.

Example: cloth, thread, rope, string are composed of fiber material.

5.4 glass

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/glass
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->glass

Definition: A non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the molten silca rich material. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass)

5.5 paper

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/paper
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->paper

Definition: thin matted or felted sheets or webs of fiber formed and dried on a fine screen from a pulpy water suspension. The fibers may be animal, such as hair, silk or wool, or mineral, such as asbestos, or synthetic. However most paper is made from cellulosic plant fiber, such as from wood pulp, grass, cotton, linen, and straw. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300014109)

5.6 plaster or mortar

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/plasterormortar
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->plaster or mortar

Definition: Plaster is a pasty material that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls, ceilings, and partitions. Mortar is a similar pasty material used for cementing bricks or block together or coating walls in building construction.

5.7 rubber

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/rubber
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: other anthropogenic material->rubber

Definition: An elastomer, synthesized from petroleum byproducts or from latex harvested from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis).

6 particulate material

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/particulate
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: cinder

Definition: Material consists of microscopic particulate material derived by precipitation, filtering, or settling from suspension in a fluid, e.g. filtrate from water, deposition from atmosphere, astro material particles. Might include mineral, organic, or biological material. ENVO definition (ENVO_01000060) has “composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material.”, refine here to define as the solid particles, distinct from a material in which they are suspended. A material that includes solid or liquid particles suspended in another material would be a dispersed_media in this scheme, not defined in ENVO. Human manufactured particulates (e.g. rock powder) should be categorized as ‘anthropogenic material’ as well as ‘Particulate’

6.1 cinder

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/cinder
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->particulate material->cinder

Definition: The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788)
missing

7 rock

URI https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/rock
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/vocabulary/material/1.0/materialsvocabulary

This is a top concept of the vocabulary.

Immediately narrower concepts: basalt, chert, cinder, coal, dolomite, gabbro, greywacke, limestone, marble, obsidian, pumice, slate, travertine

Definition: Consolidated aggregate of particles (grains) of rock, mineral (including native elements), mineraloid, or solid organic material. Includes mineral aggregates such as granite, shale, marble; natural glass such as obsidian; organic material formed by geologic processes such a coal; extraterrestrial material in meteorites; and crushed rock fragments like drill cuttings from rock. (based on http://resource.geosciml.org/classifier/cgi/lithology/rock, same as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00001995)

7.1 basalt

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/basalt
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->basalt

Definition: missing

7.2 chert

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/chert
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->chert

Immediately narrower concepts: flint

Definition: missing

7.2.1 flint

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/flint
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->chert->flint

Definition: missing

7.3 cinder

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/cinder
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->particulate material->cinder

Definition: The incombustible residue of something burnt. (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300011788)
missing

7.4 coal

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/coal
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->biogenic non-organic material->coal

Definition: missing

7.5 dolomite

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/dolomite
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->dolomite

Definition: missing

Alternate labels: dolostone

7.6 gabbro

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/gabbro
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->gabbro

Definition: missing

7.7 greywacke

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/greywacke
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->greywacke

Definition: missing

Alternate labels: graywacke

7.8 limestone

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/limestone
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->limestone

Definition: missing

7.9 marble

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/marble
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->marble

Definition: missing

7.10 obsidian

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/obsidian
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->obsidian

Definition: missing

7.11 pumice

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/pumice
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->pumice

Definition: missing

7.12 slate

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/slate
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->slate

Definition: missing

7.13 travertine

URI https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/travertine
defined in vocabulary https://w3id.org/isample/opencontext/material/0.1/oc_materialsvocab

Path from the top concept: rock->travertine

Definition: A limestone consisting of a massive usually layered calcium carbonate (such as aragonite or calcite) formed by deposition from spring waters, especially from hot springs. (https://www.mindat.org/min-39057.html)